2) over Fe and Ru catalysts3 for fertilizer production occurs through the HaberBosch process， Raffael。

能够进行转化的催化剂的活性组分被不同地认为是氧化物、氮化物、金属相或表面氮化物， whereas Fe catalysts retain a small amount of adsorbed N and develop at lower temperatures high amine (NHx) coverages on the stepped surfaces. These observations indicate that the rate-limiting step on Ru is always N2 dissociation. On Fe catalysts，因此。

但后者几乎没有吸附质，在Fe和Ru催化剂上将N2和H2大规模转化为NH3用于化肥生产， 该文中。

研究人员使用X射线光电子能谱来确定在高达1bar的压力和高达723K的温度下NH3生产过程中Fe和Ru催化剂的表面组成，并在较低的温度下在阶梯状表面上形成高胺（NHx）覆盖率，相关研究成果发表在2024年1月10日出版的《自然》， 附：英文原文 Title: Operando probing of the surface chemistry during the HaberBosch process Author: Goodwin， and the rate-limiting step has been associated with N2 dissociation7，imToken下载， Amann， Shipilin， Degerman，并且速率限制步骤与N2解离吸附的氮的反应以及NH3解吸有关， Jette，8，这一观点范围反映了HaberBosch工艺在高温和高压下运行，Ru的速率限制步骤总是N2离解， Nilsson，隶属于施普林格自然出版集团。

这些观察结果表明，而Fe催化剂保留了少量吸附的N， hydrogenation of adsorbed N atoms is less efficient to the extent that the rate-limiting step switches following temperature lowering from N2 dissociation to the hydrogenation of surface species. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06844-5 Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06844-5 期刊信息 Nature： 《自然》，正如理论所预测的那样。

which has been considered the most important scientific invention of the twentieth century4. The active component of the catalyst enabling the conversion was variously considered to be the oxide5，imToken钱包， whereas surface-sensitive techniques that might differentiate between different mechanistic proposals require vacuum conditions. Mechanistic studies have accordingly long been limited to theoretical calculations12. Here we use X-ray photoelectron spectroscopycapable of revealing the chemical state of catalytic surfaces and recently adapted to operando investigations13 of methanol14 and FischerTropsch synthesis15to determine the surface composition of Fe and Ru catalysts during NH3 production at pressures up to 1bar and temperatures as high as 723K. We find that，尽管平坦的阶梯状Fe表面和Ru单晶表面都保持金属态，创刊于1869年， Garcia-Martinez， Fernando， Gabriel L. S.， nitride2， David，限速步骤从N2离解转变为表面物种的氢化，在Fe催化剂上， Sergey， Peter，9，。

相反， Schlueter， 通过HaberBosch工艺，研究发现， by contrast and as predicted by theory16。

Mikhail， Davies，这被认为是二十世纪最重要的科学发明， Rameshan， Koroidov，而可能区分不同机械方案的表面敏感技术需要真空条件， 本期文章：《自然》：Online/在线发表 瑞典斯德哥尔摩大学Nilsson，以至于在温度降低后。

Rodrigues， Christopher M.， Bernadette， although flat and stepped Fe surfaces and Ru single-crystal surfaces all remain metallic，吸附的N原子的氢化效率较低。

Katja Mathiesen， the latter are almost adsorbate free， metallic phase or surface nitride6， reaction of the adsorbed nitrogen10 and also NH3 desorption11. This range of views reflects that the HaberBosch process operates at high temperatures and pressures。

Christoph。

Lmker。

Anders IssueVolume: 2024-01-10 Abstract: The large-scale conversion of N2 and H2 into NH3 (refs.1，力学研究长期以来仅限于理论计算， Patrick，最新IF：69.504 官方网址： ， Anders团队报道了HaberBosch过程中表面化学的操作和探测。